Some see triangulation as a method for corroborating findings and as a test for validity. Where did the term triangulation come from, and how did it come to be used in qualitative. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Analysis triangulation is a situation whereby two or more analysis techniques are used for the same data set, and from the three principal levels identified by cohen and manion 1997 namely. The purpose of this paper is to explain the principle of triangulation, and to provide an overview of the parameters involved. Denzin outlined the following four types of triangulation. For example, triangulation is the basic principle used in navigation with a sextant, using angles to determine position.
Findings triangulation is the combination of at least two or more theoretical perspectives. Executive summary in many endeavors, the tools selected to do the job can contribute to more effective outcomes than others. This study contributes to a purposeful approach of the ccm in order. Mckenzie, phd, ms, ctrs, cdp assistant professorresearch scientist coordinator gerontology certificate program kean university dept. Triangulation is a term that is frequently mentioned in publications of qualitative studies.
The mixing of data types, known as data triangulation, is often thought to help in validating the claims that. Researchers use a conceptual definition as the basis for devising a good operational definition. Triangulation involves using multiple data sources in an investigation to produce understanding. Operational definition assignment operational definition. It is designed to reduce the administrative and compliance burdens associated with registering and accounting for vat. A numeral is a symbol and has no quantitative meaning unless the researcher supplies it through the use. Jan 18, 2018 triangulation is a term that is frequently mentioned in publications of qualitative studies. Triangulation is a simplification measure to reduce the administrative and compliance burdens on traders and the tax authorities. This paper describes how we used three qualitative methods. By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, researchers hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, singleobserver, and singletheory studies. Findings triangulation is the combination of at least two or more. The information from each source, experiment, or process reinforces the hypothesis from a slightly varied viewpoint.
A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in. Triangulation is the process of validating the results of a study through two or more methods to check its reliability and validity. Banik t riangulation is an exploratory approach that holds much promise for nursing re search. Denzin 1978 and patton 1999 identified four types of triangulation. Noncontact sensing is very desirable in many measurement. This assumes that a weakness in one method will be compensated for by another method, and that it is always possible to make. The mixing of data types, known as data triangulation, is often thought to help in validating the claims that might arise from an initial pilot study. Data triangulation data triangulation involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity. Data triangulation using different sources of data, e. I dont think of a data in qualitative research as being a static and definite thing.
Data collection was undertaken for a period of six months, ensuring time triangulation. Good conceptual definitions describe the primary elements of the research topic being investigated. Triangulation qualitative research guidelines project. This type of triangulation, where the researchers use different sources, is perhaps the most popular because it.
It is based on the laws of plane trigonometry, which state that, if one side and two angles of a triangle are known, the other two sides and angle can be readily calculated. Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. Different kinds of triangulation gender and cocoa livelihoods. It also refers to a form of splitting in which one person manipulates a relationship between two parties by controlling communication between them. Establishing the validity of qualitative studies page 3 september 2002 environmental triangulation this type of triangulation involves the use of different locations, settings and other key factors related to the environment in which the study took place, such as time of the day, day of the week or season of the year. Methodological triangulation in a study of nurse retention nursing research. Typically, scholars mention triangulation in discussions to do with how the quality or validity of a study might be assured e. The lexical definition of triangulation is that it is a process of using trigonometry in. Kimchi j, polivka b, stevenson js 1991 triangulation. Methodological triangulation can be subdivided into two types.
In marital, couples, or family therapy, triangulation is a very real thing that creates trouble for everyone. The purpose of this article is to explore investigator triangulation it, a collaborative strategy with potential for mixed methods research mmr. Operationalizationthe processes or steps taken to measure an abstract concept in terms of its observable, measurable characteristics. Monthly espensea of these parties ull tu high 85 315. Qualitative design use cases and context to examine social processes looks at interpretation or the creation of meaning in specific settings look at social life with multiple points of view look at how people construct identities rarely use variables or test hypotheses see data as highly meaningful newman, 2012. Mar 22, 2019 triangulation is a complicated phenomenon because so many people can be involved. During these sessions, students can get answers to questions about the research design and rationale, the role of the researcher, the selection of participants, instrumentation, procedure, data analysis plan, issues of trustworthiness, data analysis and results. Pdf triangulation in research refers to the use of multiple techniques for. There are various triangulation methods based on the techniques and people used. Pdf the use of triangulation for completeness purposes. Applying triangulation in nursing research barbara j. In the following examples, identify why the definition is inappropriate, and provide a more appropriate operational definition. Triangulation is the term used to describe this comparison and meshing of different data, be it combining quantitative with qualitative, or qual on qual. Triangulation definition, a technique for establishing the distance between any two points, or the relative position of two or more points, by using such points as vertices of a triangle or series of triangles, such that each triangle has a side of known or measurable length base or base line that permits the size of the angles of the triangle and the length of its other two sides to be.
The use of triangulation methods in qualitative educational research triangulation involves the carejit. Understanding triangulation in research roberta heale,1 dorothy forbes2 the term triangulation originates in the. A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method. Registered users can save articles, searches, and manage email alerts. Triangulation is the use of more than one method to add breadth and depth to data and their analysis, thus. The constant comparative method ccm together with theoretical sampling constitutethe core of qualitative analysis in the grounded theory approach and in other types ofqualitative research. Definitions of qualitative case study research case study research is an investigation and analysis of a single or collective case, intended to capture the. Another aspect of definition given by stevens is the use of the term numeral rather than number. Types of triangulation in surveying, triangulation refers to a way of verifying the accuracy of a measurement for example, between two points a and b by using the known mathematical properties of equilateral triangles each angle is 30 degrees and each side is the same length. This simplification measure can only operate when the three traders involved are all registered.
The use of triangulation in social sciences research. The authors used methodological triangulation in their study of people who had moved to retirement. There are four types of triangulation as introduced by denzin 1970, which can also be used in conjunction with each other. Triangulation is a term from systems therapy, which is a type of therapy that helps members of couples and families understand the interconnected roles and patterns that function in relationships. Film tourism triangulation of destinations sciencedirect. The principle of optical triangulation has been understood and used for centuries.
Methodological triangulation using more than one method, e. Triangulation approach can be applicable for both qualitative and quantitative research studies. Purpose to explore various types of triangulation strategies and to indicate when different types of triangulation should be used in research. Stewie becomes enraged and vocally berates his mother, lois. Triangulation parties now consist of from two to nine observing units and the limit has bp no means been reached. It was denzin 1978 who first outlined how to triangulate methods. Different kinds of triangulation triangulation can be used to deepen the researchers understanding of the issues and maximize their confidence in the findings of qualitative studies. Theoretical triangulation is defined as the use of multiple theories in the same study for the. Applying triangulation in nursing research sciencedirect. Once the trends in family planning practices in swaziland were established, a structured interview schedule was developed for quantitative data gathering methodological triangulation. Triangulation definition is the measurement of the elements necessary to determine the network of triangles into which any part of the earths surface is divided in surveying. Triangulation is a complicated phenomenon because so many people can be involved. Triangulation is the combination of at least two or more theoretical perspectives, methodological. Processes used to carefully measure or observe a variable.
With regard to family therapy, a scenario wherein two family members in conflict each try to appeal to another. Reliability and validity of qualitative and operational. It is based on the laws of plane trigonometry, which state that, if one side and two. Triangulation refers to the deliberate, sys tematic, a priori combination of multiple comple mentary research strategies or techniques derived from both qualitative and quantitative methodolo gies. Denzin defined triangulation as the combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon p. Decrop 1999 describes triangulation as derived from topography and first used in the military and navigation sciences, the concept has been fruitfully. Preintervention data were collected in january and february of 1986. Triangulation, in navigation, surveying, and civil engineering, a technique for precise determination of a ships or aircrafts position, and the direction of roads, tunnels, or other structures under construction.
Triangulation in social science triangulation is defined as the mixing of data or methods so that diverse viewpoints or standpoints cast light upon a topic. The use of triangulation methods in qualitative educational. The purpose of this qualitative case study is to understand administrators management of various student behaviors, collection of buildinglevel data around student conduct, and use of such data to make studentlevel and buildinglevel decisions for improvement. Triangulation definition of triangulation by merriamwebster.
This definition is inappropriate because it is not measurable and it is topographical. Triangulation is a manipulation tactic where one person will not communicate directly with another person, instead using a third person to relay communication to the second, thus forming a triangle. Department of commerce national oceanic and atmosplrerc admirrktrath national ocean survey. By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, researchers hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, singleobserver. Reliability and validity of qualitative and operational research paradigm pak. Data triangulation involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study.
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